Position of women in 16 and 17 century Essay Example for Free

Position of women in 16 and 17 century Essay Women were challenged with expressing themselves in a patriarchal system that generally refused to grant merit to womens views. Cultural and political events during these centuries increased attention to womens issues such as education reform. Though modern feminism was non-existent. The social structure women limited opportunities for involvement; they served largely as managers of their households. Women were expected to focus on practical domestic pursuits and activities that encouraged the betterment of their families, and more particularly, their husbands. Education for women was not supported—harmful to the traditional female virtues of innocence and morality. Women who spoke out against the patriarchal system of gender roles, or any injustice, ran the risk of being exiled from their communities, or worse; vocal unmarried women in particular were the targets of witch-hunts. The seventeenth century women continued to play a significant, though not acknowledged, role in economic and political structures through their primarily domestic activities.They often acted as counselors in the home, tempering their husbands words and actions. Women were discouraged from directly expressing political views counter to their husbands or to broadly condemn established systems; nevertheless, many women were able to make public their private views through the veil of personal, religious writings. Marriage: The seventeenth century represents a fascinating period of English history, drawing the attention of whole generations of historians. This turbulent age saw three major events that had a deep impact on England’ s political as well as social life—the English Revolution, the Restoration of the Stuarts in 1660 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688. Amidst the turmoil of the events, people’s everyday lives unfolded. While it was men’s preoccupation to keep the country’s political and economic affairs going, women had an indispensable, though far less public, part to play. This paper aims at providing an outline of the seventeenth-century English marriage, viewed from the woman’s perspective. It touches upon topics such as concluding marriages, basic marriage values, duties of a married woman and possibilities of divorce. Attention is paid to the areas in which the  seventeenth-century reality was different from today’s. In seventeenth-century England, marriage and sexual morals played a far more important social role than nowadays. A family centred around a married couple represented the basic social, economic and political unit. In the Stuart period, a husband’s â€Å"rule† over his wife, children and servants was seen as an analogy to the king’s reign over his people—a manifestation of a hierarchy constituted by God. A woman was regarded as the ‘weaker vessel’ (a phrase taken from the New Testament)—a creature physically, intellectually, morally and even spiritually inferior to a man; therefore, the man had a right to dominate her (Fraser 1981: 1). In a society strongly influenced by Puritan values, sexual integrity and the status of a married person gave a woman respectability and social prestige. This, together with the fact that it was very difficult for women to find ways of making an independent living, meant that securing a husband was a matter of great importance. Theoretically, it was possible for two people to marry very young. The minimum legal age was 12 years for women and 14 years for men. In addition, it was possible for the couple to get engaged at the age of 7, with the right to break off the engagement on reaching the minimum age of consent (Stone 1965: 652). However, early marriages were rather rare—the average age of the newlyweds was about 25 years. Interestingly, the basic requirement for a legally valid marriage was not a formal consecration in a church, but the completion of a marriage contract, commonly called ‘spousals’. Spousals were an act in which the bride and groom said their vows in the present tense—‘per verba de prasenti’ (Ingram 1987: 126). In a majority of cases, this procedure was accompanied by a church ceremony (banns). Yet if the marriage was concluded without witnesses and not consecrated in a church, it had the same legal validity. This practice had existed in England since the twelfth century and lasted till 1753. Not having to go through a church ceremony made it possible for lovers to marry secretly, without the knowledge of their parents. In this way, they could escape the dynastic scheming of their families.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

The Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that may develop in people after a horrible experience. This is a big reaction to extreme stress. There are many causes, symptoms, and treatments for the post-traumatic stress disorder. There are many causes this disorder has, and this includes: coming out of war, being raped, or attacked, child abuse, natural disasters, car accidents, and even people who witness traumatic events could develop this disorder. A person who has experienced a bad traumatic event has a better chance of developing this disorder than a person who experienced a less traumatic event develops. This works the same way with people who witness something horrible. Some people also have biological or psychological problems that make them more likely to develop this disorder. Or having anxiety disorders in their families that may have inherited genetics to react more severely to stress and trauma than other people. Persons early childhood experiences that made them feel that events are uncontrollable have a greater chance of getting this disorder. Some people are kind of like protected from this disorder by having a strong social network with their friends and family. In war veterans they call this disorder shell shock or combat fatigue. People with this disorder "relive" the event again and again though nightmares and memories during the day. They will sometimes have flashbacks where they will fall into their own world and relive images, and sounds from the trauma. Because of their extreme anxiety and distress from the event, they will try to avoid anything that would happen to remind them of it. They may seem emotionally numb, detached, irritable, and easily startled. They may feel guilty about surviving a traumatic event that killed other people because they now think that they should have done something. Other symptoms include trouble concentrating, depression, and sleep difficulties. Symptoms of the disorder usually begin shortly after the traumatic event, but some people may not show symptoms for several years. If left untreated, the disorder can last for years. Post-traumatic stress disorder can ruin someone's life. The emotional pain of reliving the trauma, the symptoms of the disorder may cause a person to think that he or she is "going crazy." People with this disorder may have angry outbursts at family members. At other times, they may seem to have no affection for their loved ones. Some people try to mask their symptoms by abusing alcohol or drugs. Others work very long hours to prevent any down periods when they might relive the trauma. Such actions may delay the onset of the disorder until these individuals retire or become sober.

Chester Barnard’s Management Theory Essay

Management has been in our business culture many years. Ideas of management from the past are applicable to management practices today. In today’s society, managers are seen as a ruling authority that get their jobs done through other people; their employees. Most of the time there is a lack of communication between the managers and their employees resulting in conflicts that may place their company at high risk of failure. Leading and motivating should be the top priorities of a manager. Motivating includes communicating with your employees, dealing and solving problems and encouraging them to do their job to be successful in today’s management business. This all leads us to Chester Barnard’s management theory and his belief of the role of effectiveness within management. Chester Barnard was born in 1886 and died in 1961. He attended Mount Hermon Prep School and later enrolled at Harvard University. While at his position as a telecommunications executive, Bernard was influenced by Walter Gifford, Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell, Donham. At that time, Chester was president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company. In his time he was known for publishing an article on ‘The Functions of the Executive in 1938’ which was an influential 20th century management book. In this article he helped advance thinking about organizations that later on contributed to the management theory. He created two theories which are Theory of Organization and Concept of Authority. â€Å"Authority is the character of a communication in a formal organization by virtue of which it is accepted by a contributor to or ‘member’ of the organization as governing the action he contributes; that is as governing or determining what he does or is not to do so far as the organization is concerned. †

Gays in the Military - 966 Words

The United States military isn’t shy when it comes to the issue of gays in the military. When people think of gays in the military they usually compare them to blacks in the military. Most people use this analogy because blacks â€Å"have been oppressed and excluded from the main stream† (John Sibley). During this time period not only were black, and gay excluded from the military but women were also seen as people who didn’t belong in the arm forces. Even thought blacks in the military had to go thru different things then gays in the military they still bring to question of Civil right. The history of military relationship to gays has drastically changed from a simple exclusion, to implementing the code of conduct and â€Å"Don’t ask Don’t tell,† to now finally removing the gay ban and becoming a more accepting of gays †¦. The ban on gays on the military dates back to since the beginning of the United Stated. Even though it has always been part of our culture it started to get extremely worst after World War II. At the beginning no one wanted to join the military because they didn’t pay so well they usually â€Å"received half the pay of men in the Civilian Conservation† (Allan Berube 225). Therefore most people saw the military as a wrong choice instead of an opportunity. The military was seen as such a bad thing that judges â€Å"sometimes sentenced young offenders to Army service punishment†(Allan Berube 225) This all changed during World War II because the military saw them selves in aShow MoreRelatedGays in the Military1427 Words   |  6 PagesGays in the Military, is it right? For nearly 50 years, it has been the U.S. militarys official policy to exclude homosexuals from service. In November 1992, President - elect Clinton told Americans that he planned to lift the militarys long - standing ban on gays and lesbians. Homosexual men and women, he said, should not be prevented from serving their country based on their sexual orientation. Soon after taking office in 1993, Clinton faced powerful military and congressional oppositionRead MoreGays in the Military2022 Words   |  9 PagesGays In the Military Very often political institutions reflect the will of society and set the precedent for norms that will be expected of its members. The United States Military is still enforcing archaic policies which threaten to harm the principles our nation was founded upon. The principles of freedom and equality are those that every American holds closest to their heart, that is unless you are in the military and are gay. The issue of gays in the military has developed into a caseRead MoreGay s On The Military1171 Words   |  5 PagesGay’s in the military The argument about gays in the military is a very popular one today with the media and politicians alike. Both sides have valid points in this argument we will look at both points of view and try to make an informed decision based on both points of view. Military Historical Policy The Articles of War of 1916 covered the issue of homosexual behavior for the first time, although exclusion was limited to assault with the intent to commit sodomy. A revision of these regulationsRead MoreGays in the Military Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages The subject of Gays in the military has been debated over many times by many people. When dealing with whether or not gays should be allowed in the military the simple question of, Do they want to be in the military?, must be answered. After this question is answered you can begin analyzing the problem. The answer to the question, Do gays want to be in the military?, is an unquestioned yes. Gays would be proud and determined to protect this beautiful country in which we live. I personally am confusedRead More Gays in the Military Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pageshomosexuals from service. In November 1992, President - elect Clinton told Americans that he planned to lift the militarys long - standing ban on gays and lesbians. Homose xual men and women, he said, should not be prevented from serving their country based on their sexual orientation. Soon after taking office in 1993, Clinton faced powerful military and congressional opposition to lifting the ban. General Colin Powell, then - chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Senator Sam Nunn, who was chairmanRead MoreGays in the Military Essay1761 Words   |  8 Pagestell† policy that was put in place in 1993 by congress under President Clinton, in which gays are allowed to serve in the military as long as they do not disclose their sexual orientation. Recently, Obama has made good on his promise of â€Å"change†, and brought the debate on whether or not to repeal the DADT policy to congress and it is currently under review. If the policy is repealed, it would allow for gays to serve openly in the armed forces; which means that not only could they freely discloseRead MoreEssay about Gays in the Military778 Words   |  4 Pages The question of whether or not gays should be alowed in the military is a hotly debated event in curnent politics and their are many arguments for and aginst it. these very arguments give us some insight about where our society is going and how willing we really are to accept others. So now we have two citizens both wanting to join the military and both identical in everyway save the fact that one in straight and one is gay. They both pass all tests with the same score yet one is let in andRead MoreGays in the Military: An Overview of the Issue746 Words   |  3 PagesGays in the military: An overview of the issue One of the most divisive civil rights issues of recent memory revolves around the question of whether gay Americans can serve in the military and be open about their sexual orientation. Until the Clinton Administrations Dont Ask, Dont Tell (DADT) policy, evidence of homosexuality could get a soldier discharged. In fact, there were many jokes during the draft era, particularly during the Vietnam War, of unwilling straight recruits pretendingRead MoreEssay about Sexual Tolerance of Gays in the Military1252 Words   |  6 PagesTolerance of Gays in the Military In 1999, more than 1,000 men and women were discharged from military service due to their sexuality. That number has actually decreased compared to recent years. (Suro NP) Homosexuals were purged from federal employment in 1950, with Bill Clinton updating that policy in 1993 by adding the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue† policy. (Deicher 176) This policy doesn’t work and needs to either be updated again or the ban against homosexuals lifted. Gays should beRead MoreWhy Gays Shouldn’t Serve by David Horowitz Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesIn the essay â€Å"Why gays shouldn’t serve† by David Horowitz he states that â€Å"Don’t ask, Don’t Tell policy is a way of containing the destructive force of sex on a combat capability called Unit Cohesion. (354)† This controversial topic has surfaced more and more recently because Barack Obama wanted to let all people serve in the military, regardless of their sexual orientation. â€Å"More than 1,000 retired flag and general officers have joined us in signing an open letter to President Obama and Congress